Some students came to school by car. Did any students come to school? yes some implies at least one No students came to school by car. Did any students come to school? unknown Students could have come on foot, by bus, etc.. Ed drove legally. Did Ed drive? yes "legally" is an intersective modifier? Ed drove predictably. Did Ed drive? yes the same? Legally, Ed could drive. Did Ed drive? unknown Predictably, Ed drove. Did Ed drive? yes The technician cooled the room. Did the technician lower the temperature of the room? yes cooling the room means lowering the temperature of the room The technician raised the temperature of the room. Did the technician cool the room? no The president visited Iraq in September. Has the president gone to Iraq? yes if you visited in the past, you have been at the place visited Jones has visited Iraq. Did Jones visit Iraq in September? unknown don't know when Jones visited Jones arrived in Paris in September last year. Did Jones arrive in Paris last year? yes Jones arrived in Paris in September last year. Did Jones arrive in Paris in September? unknown If the questions is asked in September, the answer would have to be no, he arrived last year in September. "in September" send us to the closest one, which would then be interpreted as "this September". Jones arrived on a Sunday in September. Did Jones arrive on a Sunday? yes you can always drop to the most specific temporal modifier? Jones arrived on a Sunday in September. Did Jones arrive in September? yes The president left after the diplomat arrived. Did the diplomat arrive before the president left? yes problem with Mozart and his requiem No US congressman has visited Iraq since the war ended. Has Jones, a US Congressman, visited Iraq after the war ended? no No US congressman has visited Iraq since the war. Did Jones, a US Congressman, visit Iraq before the war? unknown the premise only tells us about congressmen visits since the war, not before No US congressman visited Iraq until the war. Did any US congressman visit Iraq before the war? no Some students arrived at the school on Sunday. Were there any students at the school on Sunday? yes if the students arrived at the school on Sunday, they were there at least for some part of Sunday--bar problems with arriving at midnight or such like No students arrived at the school on Sunday. Were there any students at the school on Sunday? unknown there might be lots of students that arrived before Sunday and were on the school on Sunday There were no students at the school on Sunday. Did any students arrive at the school on Sunday? no Had they arrived, they would be there on Sunday The diplomat left Baghdad last week. Has the diplomat been to Baghdad? yes To leave a place you must be there to begin with The diplomat will arrive in Baghdad next week. Has the diplomat been to Baghdad? unknown it could be his first visit or not The president knows that the diplomat left Baghdad. Has the diplomat been to Baghdad? yes if the president knows it, it's true and if it's true that the diplomat left Baghdad, s/he was there before leaving The president hasn't gone to Iraq since the diplomat left Baghdad. Has the diplomat been to Baghdad? yes since implies that the clause is true, if the diplomat left Baghdad s/he must have been there before The president hasn't gone to Iraq since the diplomat left Baghdad. Has the president been to Iraq? unknown the president has not gone since time X, it might or not have been there before. The diplomat didn't manage to leave Baghdad. Has the diplomat been to Baghdad? yes manage presupposes that the embedded clause is true, so he could not leave Baghadad, hence he has been (and perhaps still is) in Bahghdad The diplomat hasn't managed to leave Baghdad. Is the diplomat in Baghdad now? yes same ? The room was full of intelligent women. Was the room full of women? yes being full of intelligent women entails being full of women each intelligent woman is a woman The room was full of women. Was the room full of intelligent women? unknown all the women could've been dumb. fat chance! Children are not admitted to the theatre. Are small children admitted to the theatre? no if children are not admitted, small children are not either Small children are not admitted to the theatre. Are children admitted to the theatre? unknown All companies have to file annual reports. Do all Fortune 500 companies have to file annual reports? yes All Fortune 500 companies have to file annual reports. Do all companies have to file annual reports? unknown All companies have to file annual reports to the SEC. Do all companies have to file annual reports? yes All companies have to file annual reports. Do all companies have to file annual reports to the SEC? unknown No delegates finished the report. Did any delegate finish the report on time? no The US troops stayed in Iraq although the war was over. Was the war over? yes Since it was cold, he closed the window. Was it cold? yes John didn't visit us after he returned from Spain. Did John return from Spain? yes Hanssen, who sold FBI secrets to the Russians, could face the death penalty. Did Hanssen sell FBI secrets to the Russians? yes The New York Times reported that Hanssen, who sold FBI secrets to the Russians, could face the death penalty. Did Hanssen sell FBI secrets to the Russians? yes The New York Times reported that Hanssen sold FBI secrets to the Russians and could face the death penalty. Did Hanssen sell FBI secrets to the Russians? unknown Bush said that it was Khan who sold centrifuges to North Korea. Were centrifuges sold to North Korea? yes Bush said that Khan sold centrifuges to North Korea. Were centrifuges sold to North Korea? unknown What we found in Iraq was rusted shrapnel. Did we find anything in Iraq? yes The fact that Bin Laden was in Tora Bora led to the suspicion that the Afghan campaign was mismanaged. Was Bin Laden in Tora Bora? yes The fact that Bin Laden was in Tora Bora led to the suspicion that the Afghan campaign was mismanaged. Was the Afghan campaign mismanaged? unknown The paper concluded that the election had been rigged. Was the election rigged? unknown Ames was, as the press reported, a successful spy. Was Ames a successful spy? yes The press reported that Ames was a successful spy. Was Ames a successful spy? unknown The US forgot that the Afghans speak several different languages. Do the Afghans speak several different languages? yes Bush realized that the US Army had to be transformed to meet new threats. Did the US Army have to be transformed to meet new threats? yes Bush didn't realize that Afghanistan is land-locked. Is Afghanistan land-locked? yes There is a belief that the US will invade Syria. Will the US invade Syria? unknown It is not surprising that Bush has the lead in Ohio. Does Bush have the lead in Ohio? yes It is not likely that Bush has the lead in Ohio. Does Bush have the lead in Ohio? unknown Kerry knew that Edwards would accept the nomination. Did Kerry know whether Edwards would accept the nomination? yes Tom knows that Naples is in Campania. Does Tom know where Naples is? yes We met in September during the feast. Did the feast take place in September? yes It is false that Bin Laden was seen in Tora Bora. Was Bin Laden seen in Tora Bora? no It follows that Bin Laden was in Tora Bora. Was Bin Laden in Tora Bora? yes It is likely that Bin Laden was in Tora Bora. Was Bin Laden in Tora Bora? unknown Tony Hall left Amman on Sunday. Was Tony Hall in Amman on Sunday? yes Tony Hall left Amman on Sunday. Was Tony Hall in Amman on Saturday? unknown Khan sold 10 centrifuges to North Korea. Did North Korea buy 10 centrifuges? yes The US invasion of Afghanistan prevented Al-Qaida from attacking Ryad in 2002. Did Al-Qaida attack Ryad in 2002? no The administration managed to track down the perpetrators. Did the administration track down the perpetrators? yes The administration didn't manage to track down the perpetrators. Did the administration track down the perpetrators? no Bush didn't have the time to read the report. Did Bush read the report? no Bush had the time to read the report. Did Bush read the report? yes The president wasn't able to attend the meeting. Did the president attend the meeting? no The president was able to attend the meeting. Did the president attend the meeting? yes Many soldiers were killed in the ambush. Were all soldiers killed in the ambush? no The man had $20 in his pocket. Did the man have $40 in his pocket? no The man had $20 in his pocket. Did the man have $10 in his pocket? yes