[
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "From shortest to longest wavelength which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays radio"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "radio infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "gamma rays X rays visible light ultraviolet infrared radio"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "gamma rays X rays ultraviolet visible light infrared radio"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id156"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which of the following is not one of nor follows directly from Kepler's laws?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "As a planet moves around its orbit it sweeps out equal areas in equal times."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The orbit of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The force of attraction between any two objects decreases with the square of the distance between their centers."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "A planet travels faster when it is nearer to the Sun and slower when it is farther from the Sun."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id61"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What would weigh the most on the moon?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "A kilogram of feathers"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Five pounds of bricks as measured on Earth"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Five kilograms of feathers"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "A kilogram of bricks"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id128"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "We were first able to accurately measure the diameter of Pluto from:"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "a New Horizons flyby in the 1990s"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Hubble Space Telescope images that resolved Pluto's disk"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "brightness measurements made during mutual eclipses of Pluto and Charon"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "radar observations made by the Arecibo telescope"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id65"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which factor s most important in determining the history of volanism and tectonism on a planet?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "size of the planet"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "presence of an atmosphere"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "distance from the sun"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "rotation period"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id105"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What is not true of Jupiter's magnetic field?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "it is about 20000 times stronger than Earth's magnetic field"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "it traps charged particles from Io's volcanoes in a \"plasma torus\" around the planet"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "it causes spectacular auroral displays at Jupiter's north and south poles"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "it switches polarity every 11 years"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id56"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What dangers are currently faced by each Mars Exploration Rover?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Opportunity may not be able to drive out of Victoria Crater due to its broken sixth wheel; Spirit's instruments are being corroded by the acidic hot spring environment it is exploring."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Opportunity may not be able to move its arm again; Spirit may not be able to drive out of Victoria Crater due to its broken sixth wheel."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Opportunity may not be able to drive out of Victoria Crater due to its broken sixth wheel; Spirit may not get enough solar power during the winter months immediately ahead."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Opportunity may not be able to move its arm again; Spirit may not get enough solar power during the winter months immediately ahead."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "valid",
    "id": "id12"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which mechanism can NOT explain Mercury's lack of a permanent atmosphere?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Impact Heating"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Volcanic Heating"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Ablation by the solar wind"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Thermal Escape"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "valid",
    "id": "id10"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Where is the crater from the impact that is believed to be responsible for the mass extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Tunguska Siberia."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Chicxulub Crater Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Quebec Canada."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Meteor Crater in Arizona."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id91"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The distance between the Earth and the star Altair is one million times greater than the distance between the Earth and the Sun. How far is Altair from the Earth?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "9.3 x 1013 meters"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "9.3 x 1010 meters"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "1.5 x 1014 meters"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "1.5 x 1017 meters"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id140"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "How do scientists know that the majority of meteorites come from the asteroid belt?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Bubbles of gas trapped in the crystals within meteorites are identical to the gases trapped in asteroids."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The spectra of some meteorites are similar to the spectra of asteroids in the asteroid belt."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Collisions are common in the asteroid belt and we can track the fragments from their source asteroid to the Earth where they become meteorites."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The asteroid belt is the only possible source of meteorites therefore they must originate there."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id59"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Pluto's extremely cold (~40 K) surface is composed of:"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "mainly water ice which always remains frozen"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which sublimate into an atmosphere near perihelion"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "nitrogen methane and carbon monoxide ices which always remain frozen"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "roughly half ices and half rocky materials"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id99"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why do jovian planets bulge around the equator that is have a \"squashed\" appearance?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Their large systems of moons and rings gravitationally attract the mass around the equator more."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "They are much more massive than the terrestrial planets."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Their rapid rotation flings the mass near the equator outward."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Their internal heat sources exert a pressure against the sides of the planets."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id162"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The astronomical unit parsec (pc) plays a crucial role in astronomy. One parsec is equal to about 3.26 light-years. How is one parsec defined in astronomy?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Distance at which one astronomical unit measures one arcsecond from Earth."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Orbital distance of the solar system around the center of the Milky Way in one year."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Effective distance of the solar wind (i.e. the radius of the heliosphere)."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Historical distance to the brightest star Sirius."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id106"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Planet X orbits its sun once every 100 Earth days and rotates in the prograde direction around its axis with a sidereal day of 100 Earth days. How long is a solar day on Planet X?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "About 10 earth days"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "About 100 earth days"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "About 200 earth days"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "There is no solar day Planet X is tidally locked"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id78"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The terrestrial planet cores contain mostly metal because"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the entire planets are made mostly of metal."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "metals condensed first in the solar nebula and the rocks then accreted around them."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "metals sank to the center during a time when the interiors were molten throughout."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "radioactivity created metals in the core from the decay of uranium."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id50"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "When traveling north from the United States into Canada you\u2019ll see the North Star (Polaris) getting _________."
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Brighter"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Dimmer"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Higher in the sky"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Lower in the sky"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id79"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which statement about an atom is not true:"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The nucleus contains most of the atom\u2019s mass but almost none of its volume."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "A neutral atom always has equal numbers of electrons and protons."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "A neutral atom always has equal numbers of neutrons and protons."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The electrons can only orbit at particular energy levels."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id102"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The sky is blue because"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the Sun mainly emits blue light."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the atmosphere absorbs mostly blue light."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "molecules scatter red light more effectively than blue light."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "molecules scatter blue light more effectively than red light."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id144"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What is the correct numerical value and unit of the Boltzmann constant?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "1.38 \u00d7 10\u221221 m^3 \u00b7 kg \u00b7 s^\u22122 \u00b7 K^\u22121"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "1.38 \u00d7 10\u221222 m^2 \u00b7 kg \u00b7 s^\u22123 \u00b7 K^\u22121"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "1.38 \u00d7 10\u221223 m^2 \u00b7 kg \u00b7 s^\u22122 \u00b7 K^\u22121"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "1.38 \u00d7 10\u221224 m^2 \u00b7 kg \u00b7 s^\u22122 \u00b7 K^\u22122"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id101"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why is the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit currently tilted towards the north?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because it\u2019s climbing up a big hill."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because it\u2019s in the southern hemisphere where it is winter now."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because it\u2019s in the northern hemisphere where it is winter now."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because one of its wheels broke."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id112"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Mars has an atmospheric pressure of 600 pascals. If the acceleration due to gravity on Mars is (roughly) 4 m/s2 and the surface area of Mars is about 145000000 square km what is the approximate mass of the martian atmosphere?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "2.2x1011 kg"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "2.2x1014kg"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "2.2x1020kg"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "2.2x1016 kg"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id111"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which one of these constellations is not located along the Milky Way in the sky?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Perseus"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Cygnus"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Scorpius"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Leo"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id155"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The lunar maria are:"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "ancient heavily cratered highlands"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "dark lavas inside volcanic calderas"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "dark lavas filling older impact basins"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the bright regions on the Moon"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id171"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Jupiter and the other jovian planets are sometimes called \"gas giants.\" In what sense is this term misleading?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The materials they are made of are not normally gaseous in everyday experience."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "They actually contain a significant fraction of non-gaseous matter."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The materials that make up these planets are primarily in the form of a plasma not a gas."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Actually it's a great description because these worlds are big and gaseous throughout."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id60"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Approximately how long does it take Pluto to orbit the Sun once?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "150 years"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "200 years"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "250 years"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "300 years"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id157"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why does the plasma (ion) tail of a comet always point away from the Sun?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Radiation pressure from the Sun's light pushes the ions away."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The conservation of the angular momentum in the tail keeps it always pointing away from the Sun."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The ions are following Keplerian orbits that lead away from the Sun."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The solar wind electromagnetically \"blows\" the ions directly away from the Sun."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id31"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "When was the telescope invented by Galileo?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "1409"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "1509"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "1609"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "1709"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id148"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Besides large astronomical objects astrophysicists are also interested in small particles from space. Which one of these particles has the weakest interactions with other particles?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "\u00b5 Muons"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Antiparticles"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "\u03bd Neutrinos"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "\u03c0 Pions"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id160"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which of the following is not true?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The Earth and Venus are in a 1:1 orbital resonance (for every 1 Earth orbit there is exactly 1 Venus orbit)"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Neptune and Pluto are in a 3:2 orbital resonance (for every 3 Neptune orbits there are exactly 2 Pluto orbits)"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The Kirkwood Gaps in the asteroid belt are due to resonances with Jupiter"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Neptune and Pluto won't collide because of their orbital resonance"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id38"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The reason that small planets tend to lose interior heat faster than larger planets is essentially the same as the reason that ________."
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "a large baked potato takes longer to cool than a small baked potato"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Earth contains more metal than the Moon"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "thunderstorms tend to form on hot summer days"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "gas bubbles form and rise upward in boiling water"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "valid",
    "id": "id13"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Mars has an atmosphere that is almost entirely carbon dioxide.Why isn't there a strong greenhouse effect keeping the planet warm?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the atmosphere on Mars is too thin to trap a significant amount of heat"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "There actually is a strong greenhouse effect and Mars would be 35oC colder than it is now without it."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Mars does not have enough internal heat to drive the greenhouse effect"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the greenhouse effect requires an ozone layer which Mars does not have"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id113"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Imagine that the Earth was instantly moved to an orbit three times further away from the Sun. How much longer would a year be?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "exactly 3 times longer"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "about 5.2 times longer"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Not enough information. It will depend on the inclination of the new orbit"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The length of the year wouldn't change because the Earth's mass stays the same."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id127"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What is the Cassini division of Saturn's rings?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "a dark ring visible from Earth composed of dark dusty particles"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the most opaque ring of Saturn made of highly reflective ice particles"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the widest ring of Saturn located between two large ring gaps"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "a large gap visible from Earth produced by an orbital resonance with the moon Mimas"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id42"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "According to the Solar Nebular theory what are asteroids and comets?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "They are the shattered remains of collisions between planets."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "They are chunks of rock or ice that condensed long after the planets and moons had formed."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "They are chunks of rock or ice that were expelled from planets by volcanoes."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "They are leftover planetesimals that never accreted into planets."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id66"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What is the significance of the 1:2:4 resonance in the Jupiter's moons system?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The resonance pulls Io in different directions and generates heat."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It makes the orbit of Io slightly elliptical."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It creates a gap with no asteriods between the orbits."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It prevents formation of the ring material into other moons."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id49"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What is the second most common element in the solar system?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Iron"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Hydrogen"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Methane"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Helium"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id29"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Life on Earth originated from"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "We don't know for sure."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "aliens (panspermia)."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "comets."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the Earth's oceans."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id68"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What type of radiation causes a black hole to evaporate over time?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Schwarzschild radiation"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Planck radiation"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Kolmogorov radiation"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Hawking radiation"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id94"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "You\u2019ve made a scientific theory that there is an attractive force between all objects. When will your theory be proven to be correct?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The first time you drop a bowling ball and it falls to the ground proving your hypothesis."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "After you\u2019ve repeated your experiment many times."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "You can never prove your theory to be correct only \u201cyet to be proven wrong\u201d."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "When you and many others have tested the hypothesis."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id24"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why are there no impact craters on the surface of Io?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Io did have impact craters but they have all been buried in lava flows."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It is too small to have been hit during the Late Heavy Bombardment"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Jupiter's strong gravity attracted the planetesimals more strongly than Io and thus none landed on its surface."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Any craters that existed have been eroded through the strong winds on Io's surface."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id135"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "How do astronomers think Jupiter generates its internal heat?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "nuclear fusion in the core"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "by contracting changing gravitational potential energy into thermal energy"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "internal friction due to its high rotation rate"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "chemical processes"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id154"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which planet(s) in the solar system has/have active plate tectonics?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Mars"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Venus"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Earth"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Mars and Earth"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id143"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What is true for a type-Ia (\"type one-a\") supernova?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "This type occurs in binary systems."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "This type occurs in young galaxies."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "This type produces gamma-ray bursts."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "This type produces high amounts of X-rays."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id21"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why is Saturn almost as big as Jupiter despite its smaller mass?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Jupiter's greater mass compresses it more thus increasing its density."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Saturn has a larger proportion of hydrogen and helium than Jupiter and is therefore less dense."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Saturn is further from the Sun thus cooler and therefore less compact."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Saturn's rings make the planet look bigger."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id71"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why did Ptolemy have the planets orbiting Earth on \u2018circles upon circles\u2019 in his model of the universe?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "To explain why more distant planets take longer to make a circuit through the constellations of the zodiac."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "To explain the fact that planets sometimes appear to move westward rather than eastward relative to the stars in our sky."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "To explain why the Greeks were unable to detect stellar paralax."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "To properly account for the varying distances of the planets from Earth."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id141"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Most people use C\u00b0(degree Celsius) to measure everyday temperatures. Astronomers prefer to use K (Kelvin) to measure temperatures. Approximately how many Kelvin are 25 C\u00b0?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "200 Kelvin"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "250 Kelvin"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "300 Kelvin"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "350 Kelvin"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id45"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What defines the habitable zone around a star?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the region around a star where liquid water can potentially exist on planetary surfaces"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the region around a star where humans can survive"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the region around a star where the ultraviolet radiation does not destroy organisms on a planetary surface"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "the region around a star where life exists"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id164"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Some of Mars'water is frozen in the soil and the ice caps and some was lost due to solar wind stripping but much of the original water is thought to have been lost through another mechanism. What happened to this \"lost\"water?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "it was stripped away by the magnetic field when it rapidly decreased in strength"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "it was broken into hydrogen and oxygen by ultraviolet light and the hydrogen was lost through thermal escape"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "it was consumed by a civilization of thirsty Martians"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "it was vaporized during a period of intense volcanism and was lost to space through thermal escape"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id27"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why is it thought that the climate on Mars changed when the planet lost its strong magnetic field?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "without a strong magnetic field the ozone layer was destroyed by the solar wind which stopped the greenhouse effect and cooled Mars down."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "without a strong magnetic field which enhances the greenhouse effect Mars cooled down."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "without a strong magnetic field the solar wind stripped away most of the atmosphere significantly reducing the greenhouse effect and cooling Mars down"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "without a strong magnetic field the planet recieves fewer charged particles from the solar wind and therefore is not heated as much"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id76"
  }
]