[
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which of the following purposes does the 'internal point of view' play in Hart's concept of law?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It distinguishes social rules from mere group habits."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It defines the judicial function."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It illustrates the authority of the legislature."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It stresses the relationship between law and justice."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id53"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why is it important to separate the concept of punishment from its justification?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because its justification depends on the concept employed."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because any definition of punishment should be value-neutral."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because the concept of punishment is controversial."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because the practice of punishment is separate from its justification."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id99"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "According to Hobbes, peace is the first law of nature because of which of the following situations?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Without peace everyone has a right to everything - including another's life."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Peace is possible only after war."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Law cannot achieve peace."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The social contract cannot be entered into unless there is peace."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id100"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why is Bentham's account of sovereignty generally considered to be more sophisticated - and more acceptable - than Austin's?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because Bentham's Utilitarianism redeems his account of sovereignty."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because Austin overlooks the significance of morality."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because Bentham recognizes the possibility of limiting the sovereign's power."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because Austin incorporates power-conferring rules into his concept of the sovereign's commands."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "valid",
    "id": "id13"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The focus of liberal feminists on equality is denounced by radical feminists as mistaken because:"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It treats women as objects."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It makes women into men."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It reduces feminism to a political movement."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It overlooks the historical struggle of women for justice."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id102"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The ________ School of jurisprudence asserts that the law is a means of achieving and advancing certain sociological goals."
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Historical"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Analytical"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Command"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Sociological"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id27"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What is meant by 'asking the women question'?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Encouraging women to be more assertive."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Enquiring of men why they oppress women."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Seeking answers from women about their experience of discrimination."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Attempting to expose the gender consequence of rules and practices that may seem to be objective or neutral."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "valid",
    "id": "id12"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The Marxist and critical race theory notions espoused by CRT are diametrically opposed to our democratic ideals.'\nWhich statement below is the most powerful refutation of this view?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "There are no traces of left wing thought among CRT scholars."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Some CRT writing is openly sceptical of traditional American values."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Democracy is not an uncomplicated concept."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "This is an unjustifiably narrow view of the CRT agenda."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "valid",
    "id": "id15"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Donny threw a knife at Sally, intending to injure her severely. However, Donny missed Sally. Sally saw the knife just as it whizzed by her head, missing it by about one inch. As a result, Sally was very scared. Sally sued Donny for assault and battery. Which of the following is most correct?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Donny will be liable for battery, but not assault."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Donny will be liable for assault, but not battery."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Donny will be liable for assault and for battery."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Donny will not be liable for either assault or battery because this is only a criminal matter."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id50"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The judicial branch of the United States government has the power to ________ the law."
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "interpret"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "make"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "enforce"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "override"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id94"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Adherence to precedent is called the doctrine of ________."
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "nolo contendere"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "stare decisis"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "substantial performance"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "commercial impracticability"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id38"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why does Parfit oppose equality?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "He argues than an unequal society is inevitable."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "He claims that by giving priority to the needs of the poor, we can increase equality."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "He asserts that we are each responsible for our poverty."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "He rejects the idea of equality altogether."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id55"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Soft positivism accepts that the rule of recognition may include moral criteria.'\nWhich proposition below is the most inconsistent with this description?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Incorporationism' accepts that judges may decide cases by reference to moral factors.'"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "A soft positivist rejects the role of morality in the description of law."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Sometimes the definition of law includes moral considerations."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Judges lack strong discretion."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "valid",
    "id": "id7"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "What does Dworkin mean by the 'semantic sting'?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The language of the law is generally unclear."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Lawyers' arguments usually concern language."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Judges are prey to linguistic misunderstanding."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The rule of recognition cannot fully account for legal validity."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id65"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Austin has been described as a 'naive empiricist.' Why?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because he neglects the importance of morality."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because his account of law is based on an anachronistic model of a legal system."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because he conceives of laws in a pragmatic rather than a conceptual manner."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because he overlooks the role of law in economic relations."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id123"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The will theory of rights maintains that the enforcement of Y's duty requires the exercise of will by X. It assumes the correlativity of rights and duties. Which of the following succeeds in formulating the interest theory without this correlativity?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Regarding X's interest as directly related to Y's duty."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Accepting that conferring right means that the interest represented by that right ought to be recognized."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Treating an interest as the exercise of choice."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Asserting that X has a right whenever the protection of his interest is recognized as a reason for imposing duties -only when they are actually imposed."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id79"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "According to Austin the science of jurisprudence is concerned with"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Morality"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Positive law"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Divine law"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Natural law"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id35"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which is the least accurate description of legal positivism?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It regards morals and law as inseparable."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It perceives law as commands."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It regards a legal order as a closed logical system."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It espouses the view that there is no necessary connection between morality and law."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id48"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Leopold Pospisil identifies four elements manifested by law: authority, universality, 'obligatio' - and fourthly?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Dispute."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Sanction."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Order."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Hierarchy."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id116"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which of the following statements best describes the postmodernist project?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It attempts to demonstrate the relationship between law and literature."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It seeks to defend Enlightenment values."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It is preoccupied with the rise of bureaucratic government."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It rejects the Kantian concern with individual rights, equality, and justice."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id81"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why does Dworkin support liberal egalitarianism?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because it attempts to give effect to personal choice over individual luck."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because liberty is more important than equality."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because a market economy is just."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because the state is the best arbiter of equality between individuals."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id68"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which statement below best represents Durkheim's view of the function of punishment?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Deterrence."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Rehabilitation."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Vengeance."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Desert."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id64"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The ________ School believes that promoting market efficiency should be the central goal of legal decision-making."
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Law and Economics"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Critical Legal Studies"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Historical"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Natural Law"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id21"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "In Justice for Hedgehogs Dworkin endorses 'Hume's principle'. What does he understand by this idea?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "That there is no distinction between law and morality."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "That there is a distinction between right and wrong."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "That facts about the world or human nature cannot normally ordain what ought to be"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "That human rights are fundamentally unsound."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id29"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The legislative branch of the United States government has the power to ________ the law."
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "interpret"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "make"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "enforce"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "override"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id115"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which of the following factors contributed significantly to the revival of natural law in the 20th century?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Depression of the 1930"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The rise of Fascism"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The international recognition of human rights after World War II"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The Bolshevik Revolution"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id18"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Dworkin argues that it is only a conception of equality of resources that can secure the ideal of equality of welfare. How does he suggest this aspect of equality to be measured?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "When no-one would prefer another's bundle of resources to his or her own."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "By reference to the ownership of private property."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "By the amount of income tax paid by individuals."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "When the community determines that equality has been achieved."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id59"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which of the following apparent correlatives contradicts Hohfeld's scheme of 'jural relations'?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Right and duty."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Privilege and no-right."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Power and liability."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Immunity and disability."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id98"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Habermas distinguishes between 'law as medium' and 'law as institution'. Which statement below most accurately describes this distinction?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Law as medium' describes law as a body of formal, general rules that control the state and the economy; 'law as institution' inhabits the 'lifeworld' and expresses its shared values and norms in institutional form."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Law as medium' consists of the manner in which law is presented by the media; 'law as institution' describes the courts."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Law as medium' concerns the manner in which the law expresses its rules in simplified terms; 'law as institution' refers to the formal declaration of laws by legislative bodies."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Law as medium' is defined as the intermediate stage of legal development; 'law as institution' is the advanced stage."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id31"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which of the following propositions would be rejected by those who describe themselves as critical legal theorists?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Law is politics."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Law is determinate."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Law reflects economic power."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Law is unstable."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id73"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The most fundamental of positivism's key commitments,' writes Ken Himma, 'is the Social Fact Thesis.' What does it claim?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "That law is essentially an artefact or social construction."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "That legal systems are unrelated to social forces."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "That society is constantly in a state of flux."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "That legal positivism is a social theory."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id56"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which of the following statements is correct concerning the \"reasonable person\" standard in tort law?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The reasonable person standard varies from person to person."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The reasonable person standard focuses on the defendant's subjective mental state rather than on the defendant's behavior"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "A person with a physical disability must act as would a reasonable person with the same disability."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "A person with a mental disability must act as would a person with the same mental disability."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id118"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which of the following is the strongest argument against ethical relativism's hostility to human rights?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Utilitarianism"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Communitarianism."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Cognitivism."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Positivism."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id112"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The expression to signify any assumption which conceals of affects to conceal the fact that a rule of law has undergone alteration, its letter being unchanged, its operation being modified is :"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Legal fiction"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Equity"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Custom"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Legislation"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id66"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Why is there an increasing recognition that retribution is a fundamental element of punishment?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because rehabilitation of offenders presumes a recognition of the role of vengeance."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because the lex talionis is misguided."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because other justifications appear to have failed."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Because revenge is anachronistic."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "valid",
    "id": "id8"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The United States Supreme Court's decision in Roe v Wade is highly controversial because:"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It failed to consider the rights of fathers."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It overlooked the common law relating to abortion."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The majority held that the abortion law of Texas was unconstitutional because it violated a woman's right to privacy."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The court failed to consider the medical evidence."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id101"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Posner's economic analysis of law is roundly attacked by Dworkin who says the theory 'has not achieved the beginning of a beginning.' What is the basis of this criticism?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Posner's approach fails to offer a means by which to calculate individual prosperity."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It neglects the importance of individual choice."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It regards wealth as a value, which it is not."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The theory is economically unsound."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "valid",
    "id": "id11"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which statement is closest to characterizing the principal difference between the positions adopted by Hobbes and Locke?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "They adopt different attitudes towards the role of the courts in maintaining order."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "They disagree about the role of law in society."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "They have opposing views about the nature of contractual obligations."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "They differ in respect of their account of life before the social contract."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id80"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Hart\u2019s analysis of law distinguishes between"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Cause and effect"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Theory and fact"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Being obliged and having an obligation"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Corporeal and incorporeal rights"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id105"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "\u2018Law consists of set of principles or body of rules recognized and applied by the State in the administration of justice\u2019. The statement is made by :"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Austin"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Salmond"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Holland"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Gray"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id96"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Who amongst the following said that \u201cright with me is a child of law\u2026..a natural right is a son that never had a father\""
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Jeremy Valdon"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Jeremy Bentham"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Salmond"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Paton"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id109"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Tom and Jerry entered into a contract whereby Tom agreed to sell Jerry $1,000 worth of heroin, an illegal substance. This is an example of a:"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "quasi contract"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "void contract"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "voidable contract"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "secondary party beneficiary contract"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id89"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "\u201cNatural law is based on the nature of man and on his inward need of living in society.\u201d Who said it?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Hugo Grotius"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Hobbes"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Locke"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Rousseau"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id95"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Normative legal theory is most accurately summarized by which of the following statements?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Its principal concern is with moral or political values."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It is represented by the positivist view of law as developed by HLA Hart."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It expresses the idea that law consists only of norms."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It is preoccupied with the analysis of the application of legislation to moral issues."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id71"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "To claim that one has a prima facie duty to obey the law is to assert that:"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "One is under a duty to obey the law without exception, regardless of its content."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "There is no duty to obey a law to which one hasn't agreed."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The duty applies only to those who are directly affected by the law in question."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "The obligation arises independently of the precise legal provisions involved - unless there are grounds to justify a specific exception."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id32"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "How does Weber solve the 'England problem'?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "By denying its existence."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "By explaining the difference between the common law and civil law."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "By distinguishing certain features of the English legal system that facilitated the development of capitalism."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "By recognizing the importance of legitimate domination."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id23"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Who amongst the following said that jurisprudence is the philosophy of positive law"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Gray"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Holland"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Hart"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Austin"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id104"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Which statement best explains the purpose of Hart's distinction between 'being obliged' and 'having an obligation'?"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It demonstrates the difference between the internal and the external aspect of a rule."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It refutes the natural lawyer' view of the role of morality in law."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It explains the nature of power-conferring rules."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "It illuminates the concept of a rule."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id16"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "Hume's attack on natural law is founded on his argument that:"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "We cannot objectively know what is morally right or wrong."
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Natural law is backward-looking."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "There is no such thing as a social contract."
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Natural law fails to protect the state against attacks."
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id67"
  },
  {
    "input": {
      "text": "The ________ School of jurisprudence believes that the law is an aggregate of social traditions and customs that have developed over the centuries."
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Historical"
        },
        "tags": [
          "correct"
        ]
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Analytical"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Command"
        },
        "tags": []
      },
      {
        "output": {
          "text": "Sociological"
        },
        "tags": []
      }
    ],
    "split": "test",
    "id": "id76"
  }
]